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set output "exp1.tex"
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set output "exp1.tex"
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set encoding utf8
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set terminal epslatex color font "Arial,12" fontscale 1.0 size 16cm,10cm
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set terminal epslatex color font "Arial,11" fontscale 1.0 size 12cm,8cm
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\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.5pt}%
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\gplgaddtomacro\gplfronttext{%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\put(1959,5244){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (1.0k Ohm)}}%
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\put(1801,4140){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (1.0k Ohm)}}%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\put(1959,5004){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (1.0k Ohm)}}%
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\put(1959,4764){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (2.2k Ohm)}}%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\put(1959,4524){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (2.2k Ohm)}}%
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\put(1801,3480){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (2.2k Ohm)}}%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\put(1959,4284){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (3.3k Ohm)}}%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\put(1959,4044){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (3.3k Ohm)}}%
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\put(1801,3040){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (3.3k Ohm)}}%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\csname LTb\endcsname%%
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\put(372,3097){\rotatebox{-270.00}{\makebox(0,0){\strut{}Current (mA)}}}%
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\put(341,2508){\rotatebox{-270.00}{\makebox(0,0){\strut{}Current (mA)}}}%
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\put(4762,168){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}Supply Voltage (V)}}%
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\put(3609,154){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}Supply Voltage (V)}}%
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}%
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}%
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\gplbacktext
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\gplbacktext
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\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width={453.50bp},height={283.40bp}]{./assets/a-2/exp1}}%
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\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width={340.10bp},height={226.70bp}]{./assets/a-2/exp1}}%
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\gplfronttext
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\gplfronttext
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\end{picture}%
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\end{picture}%
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\endgroup
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\endgroup
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+19
-3
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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@book{ac-theory:ohm,
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@inbook{ac-theory:ohm,
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title={基礎からの交流理論},
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title={基礎からの交流理論},
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author={小郷 寛 and 小亀 英己 and 石亀 篤司},
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author={小郷 寛 and 小亀 英己 and 石亀 篤司},
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publisher={電気学会 and オーム社},
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publisher={電気学会 and オーム社},
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@@ -6,13 +6,21 @@
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month={04},
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month={04},
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pages={1}
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pages={1}
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}
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}
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@inbook{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law,
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@inbook{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law-v,
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title={基礎からの交流理論},
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title={基礎からの交流理論},
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author={小郷 寛 and 小亀 英己 and 石亀 篤司},
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author={小郷 寛 and 小亀 英己 and 石亀 篤司},
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publisher={電気学会 and オーム社},
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publisher={電気学会 and オーム社},
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year={2023},
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year={2023},
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month={04},
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month={04},
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pages={11-16}
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pages={11-13}
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}
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@inbook{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law-i,
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title={基礎からの交流理論},
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author={小郷 寛 and 小亀 英己 and 石亀 篤司},
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publisher={電気学会 and オーム社},
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year={2023},
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month={04},
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pages={13-16}
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}
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}
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@inbook{ac-theory:superposition,
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@inbook{ac-theory:superposition,
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title={基礎からの交流理論},
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title={基礎からの交流理論},
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@@ -30,3 +38,11 @@
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month={04},
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month={04},
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pages={145}
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pages={145}
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}
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}
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@online{resistor-overload-example,
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title={Resistor Overload},
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author={ouimetn},
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url={https://youtu.be/xPaN4xG0px4},
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year={2012},
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month={08},
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urldate={2026-05-18}
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}
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+4
-3
@@ -67,15 +67,16 @@
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\input{sections/a-2/reflection}
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\input{sections/a-2/reflection}
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\resetrefcounter
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\resetrefcounter
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\newpage
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\section{まとめ}
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\section{まとめ}
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今回の実験より以下の事が分かった:
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今回の実験より以下の事が分かった:
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\begin{itemize}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item{abc}
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\item{電気回路の諸定理・諸法則は現実でも成り立つこと}
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\item{abc}
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\item{線形回路は重ね合わせの理で簡単に解を求めれること}
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\item{abc}
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\item{ブラックボックスな線形回路はテブナンの定理で等価電圧源に置き換えれること}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\printbibliography[title={参考文献}]{}
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\printbibliography[title={参考文献}]{}
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@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ $E_1 = 15.000 \ \text{V}, \ E_2 = 3.005 \ \text{V}$の時,各抵抗での電
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\hline
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\hline
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Resistor & Voltage $[\text{V}]$ & Current $[\text{mA}]$ \\
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Resistor & Voltage $[\text{V}]$ & Current $[\text{mA}]$ \\
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\hline
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\hline
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$R_1$ & 10.69 & -3.28 \\
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$R_1$ & 10.69 & 3.28 \\
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$R_2$ & 1.30 & 1.31 \\
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$R_2$ & 1.30 & -1.31 \\
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$R_3$ & 4.30 & 1.98 \\
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$R_3$ & 4.30 & 1.98 \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{tabular}
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@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ $E_1 = 15.000 \ \text{V}, \ E_2 = -3.007 \ \text{V}$の時,各抵抗での電
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Resistor & Voltage $[\text{V}]$ & Current $[\text{mA}]$ \\
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Resistor & Voltage $[\text{V}]$ & Current $[\text{mA}]$ \\
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\hline
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\hline
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$R_1$ & 14.10 & 4.33 \\
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$R_1$ & 14.10 & 4.33 \\
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$R_2$ & -3.89 & -3.93 \\
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$R_2$ & 3.89 & -3.93 \\
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$R_3$ & 0.89 & 0.40 \\
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$R_3$ & 0.89 & 0.40 \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{tabular}
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@@ -1 +1,315 @@
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\section{考察}
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\section{考察}
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\subsection{実験1}
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\cref{fig:v-i-r}より測定値はすべて$\pm 5\ \%$の抵抗値の誤差に収まっている.
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理想値の曲線は$I = \frac{V}{R}$なので測定値はオームの法則(\cref{equ:ohm})に従っているといえる.
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\subsubsection{抵抗器の制限について}
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オームの法則は実験で使用した抵抗器よりも低い抵抗値を持つものでも成り立つはずだが定格電力の制限で手順書では使用しなかった.
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試しに,実験で使用した抵抗値が$\frac{1}{10}$で定格電力が1/4 Wの抵抗を用いて同じ実験を行なった場合を考える.
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オームの法則により,3,6,9 Vでの電流と電力は\cref{tab:v-i-r-tenth}となる.
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\begin{table}[!ht]
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\centering
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\caption{Current and Power of Resistors with tenth of resistance}
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\label{tab:v-i-r-tenth}
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\begin{tabular}{c|r|r|r|r|r|r}
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\hline
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\multirow{2}{5em}{Voltage $[\text{V}]$} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$100 \ \Omega$} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$220 \ \Omega$} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{$330 \ \Omega$} \\
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\cline{2-7}
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& Current (mA) & Power (W) & Current (mA) & Power (W) & Current (mA) & Power (W) \\
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\hline
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3 & 30 & 0.09 & 13.64 & 0.041 & 9.09 & 0.027 \\
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6 & 60 & 0.36 & 27.27 & 0.16 & 18.18 & 0.11 \\
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9 & 90 & 0.81 & 40.91 & 0.37 & 27.27 & 0.25 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{table}
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一部で1/4 = 0.25 W を超過してしまう条件がある.
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これらの値は理想的な抵抗を使用した場合なので現実ではかろうじて超過しなかったり,僅かながら超える条件があるだろう.
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抵抗器はその性質上,電力の一部を熱に変換して発熱しながら電流を制限する.
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定格電力を超えての使用は抵抗器が焼損・破裂する可能性があるので注意すること\supercite{resistor-overload-example}.
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\subsection{実験2}
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実験結果\cref{tab:exp2-res1},\cref{tab:exp2-res2}より接点(b)での電流の総和はそれぞれ\cref{tab:current-in-b}となった.
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\begin{table}[!ht]
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\centering
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\caption{Applying Kirchhoff's Current Law at Point (b) in each Circuit}
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\label{tab:current-in-b}
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\begin{tabular}{c|c}
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\hline
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Circuit & Current $[\text{mA}]$ \\
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\hline
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||||||
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(a) & 0.01 \\
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(b) & 0.80 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{table}
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また,各回路の閉路abef,bcde,acdfでの電圧の和は\cref{tab:voltage-in-loops}となった.
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\begin{table}[!ht]
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\centering
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\caption{Applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law on each Loop}
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\label{tab:voltage-in-loops}
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\begin{tabular}{c|c|c}
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\hline
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Loop & Circuit (a) $[\text{V}]$ & Circuit (b) $[\text{V}]$ \\
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||||||
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\hline
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abef & 0.01 & 0.01 \\
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bcde & -0.005 & 0.007 \\
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acdf & 0.005 & -0.017 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{table}
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これらから,実験回路はおおかたキルヒホッフの法則に従っているといえる.
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しかし,回路(b)の電流則と閉路acdfでは真の値である0からかなり離れてしまった.
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これには2つの実験回路での測定方法の差異や測定機器・抵抗値の誤差などが考えられる.
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\subsection{実験3}
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実験結果\cref{tab:exp3-res1}・\cref{tab:exp3-res2}と\cref{fig:cd-exp2-a}より,電流の向きに注意しながら重ね合わせると
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\begin{align}
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V_{R_1} &= 12.40 \ \text{V} - 1.71 \ \text{V} = 10.69 \ \text{V} \\
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V_{R_2} &= 2.61 \ \text{V} - 1.29 \ \text{V} = 1.32 \ \text{V} \\
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V_{R_3} &= 2.59 \ \text{V} + 1.70 \ \text{V} = 4.29 \ \text{V} \\
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I_{R_1} &= 3.81 \ \text{mA} - 0.52 \ \text{mA} = 3.29 \ \text{mA} \\
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I_{R_2} &= -2.61 \ \text{mA} + 1.32 \ \text{mA} = -1.29 \ \text{mA} \\
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I_{R_3} &= 1.19 \ \text{mA} + 0.78 \ \text{mA} = 1.97 \ \text{mA}
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\end{align}
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それぞれの誤差率は\cref{tab:exp3-exp2-diff}の通りである.
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\begin{table}[!ht]
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||||||
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\centering
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||||||
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\caption{Percentage Difference of Experiment \# 3 from Experiment \# 2 on Circuit (a)}
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\label{tab:exp3-exp2-diff}
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\begin{tabular}{c|c}
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\hline
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Measurement & Difference $(\%)$ \\
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\hline
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$V_{R_1}$ & 0 \\
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$V_{R_2}$ & +1.54 \\
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$V_{R_3}$ & -0.23 \\
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$I_{R_1}$ & +0.30 \\
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$I_{R_2}$ & -1.53 \\
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$I_{R_3}$ & -0.51 \\
|
||||||
|
\hline
|
||||||
|
\end{tabular}
|
||||||
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
この誤差は前節の測定方法の差異が影響していると思われる.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\subsubsection{電源の除去法について}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
この重ね合わせの理を適用する際の電源の除去法は電圧源と電流源で違ってくる.
|
||||||
|
電圧源は短絡除去,電流源は開放除去である.
|
||||||
|
これは\cref{fig:v-c-s-removal}のように電圧源は直列接続,電流源は並列接続であるため,電圧・電流をなくし,抵抗値を変化させないような除去を行なっている.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{figure}[tbh]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.9\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [battery1={$E$},invert] ++(0,2) to [R={$R_i$}] ++(0,2);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,4) to [short, -o] ++(2,0);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\draw (3.25,2) node {\Huge $\Rightarrow$};
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\draw (5,0) -- (5,2) to [R={$R_i$}] ++(0,2);
|
||||||
|
\draw (5,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (5,4) to [short, -o] ++(2,0);
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Voltage Source}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:vs-removal}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.9\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [isourceAM={$I$}] ++(0,2);
|
||||||
|
\draw (2,0) to [R={$R_i$}] ++(0,2);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [short, -*] ++(2,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,2) to [short, -*] ++(2,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\draw (5,1) node {\Huge $\Rightarrow$};
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\draw (8,0) to [R={$R_i$}] ++(0,2);
|
||||||
|
\draw (6,0) to [short, o-*] ++(2,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (6,2) to [short, o-*] ++(2,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0);
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Current Source}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:cs-removal}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\caption{Removal of Voltage and Current Source}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:v-c-s-removal}
|
||||||
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\subsection{実験4}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
実験結果\cref{tab:exp4-res}から誤差率\cref{tab:exp4-diff}を求める.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{table}[!ht]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\caption{Percentage Difference of Original and Equivalent Circuit of Experiment \# 4}
|
||||||
|
\label{tab:exp4-diff}
|
||||||
|
\begin{tabular}{c|c}
|
||||||
|
\hline
|
||||||
|
Measurement & Difference $[\%]$ \\
|
||||||
|
\hline
|
||||||
|
Voltage & -0.73 \\
|
||||||
|
Current & -0.38 \\
|
||||||
|
\hline
|
||||||
|
\end{tabular}
|
||||||
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
比較的小さな誤差に収まったが,可変抵抗の抵抗値が少し触れるだけで変化してしまうため設定が難しく,誤差が出てしまった.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\subsubsection{テブナンの定理の証明}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-open-circuit}のような回路$N$を考える.
|
||||||
|
この回路には複数の電圧源・電流源があり内部インピーダンスは$Z_0$である.
|
||||||
|
そして,この回路の開放電圧は$V_0$とする.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
次に\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-load}のように負荷インピーダンス$Z_L$を接続する.
|
||||||
|
この時,回路には電流$I$が流れる.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
そして\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-ec}を考える.
|
||||||
|
この回路は負荷インピーダンスだけでなく,$V_0$と同じ電圧を持つ2つの電源を互いに打ち消し合うように接続する.
|
||||||
|
重ね合わせの理を適用して\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d1}と\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d2}のように電圧源$V_1$,$V_2$をそれぞれ独立させる.
|
||||||
|
電流$I$は$I_1$と$I_2$の和として表わせれる.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d1}では点Aでの電位が等しいため電流が流れない,よって$I_1 = 0$である.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d2}では回路Nの電圧源を短絡,電流源を開放して内部インピーダンス$Z_0$を得る.
|
||||||
|
この時,$I_2$はオームの法則より\cref{equ:thevenin-proof-d2-I2}で表わせれる.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{equation}\label{equ:thevenin-proof-d2-I2}
|
||||||
|
I_2 = \frac{V_2}{Z_0 + Z_L} = \frac{V_0}{Z_0 + Z_L}
|
||||||
|
\end{equation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
結果的に$I_1$と$I_2$の和である電流$I$は$0 + \frac{V_0}{Z_0 + Z_L}$で\cref{equ:thevenin}が得られる.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d2}の回路を変形し電圧源となる部分を抜き出したのが\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-evs}である\supercite{ac-theory:thevenin}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{figure}[tbh]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[vsourceAMshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[isourceAMshape,scale=0.5](Ci){};
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.left) -- ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.right) -- ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$Z_0$};
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port3) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A);
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B);
|
||||||
|
\draw[->] ($(B) + (0,0.1)$) -- ($(A) + (0,-0.1)$);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(A)!0.5!(B)$) node[right]{$V_0$};
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Open Circuit}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:thevenin-proof-open-circuit}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[vsourceAMshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[isourceAMshape,scale=0.5](Ci){};
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.left) -- ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.right) -- ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$\dot{Z_0}$};
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port3) to [short, -o, i={$I$}] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A);
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\draw (A) -- ++(1,0) to [R={$Z_L$}] ++(0,-2) -- ++(-1,0) -- (B);
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Connected to Load}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:thevenin-proof-load}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[vsourceAMshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[isourceAMshape,scale=0.5](Ci){};
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.left) -- ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.right) -- ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$\dot{Z_0}$};
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port3) to [short, -o, i={$I$}] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A);
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\draw (A) to [battery1,l={$V_1=V_0$}] ++(1,0) to [R={$Z_L$}] ++(0,-2) to [battery1,l={$V_2=V_0$},invert] ++(-1,0) -- (B);
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Equivalent Circuit}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:thevenin-proof-ec}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[vsourceAMshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[isourceAMshape,scale=0.5](Ci){};
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.left) -- ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.right) -- ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$\dot{Z_0}$};
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port3) to [short, -o, i={$I_1$}] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A);
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\draw (A) to [battery1,l={$V_1=V_0$}] ++(1,0) to [R={$Z_L$}] ++(0,-2) -- ++(-1,0) -- (B);
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Decomposition 1}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:thevenin-proof-d1}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[shortshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){};
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[openshape,scale=0.5](Ci){};
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.left) to [short, o-] ++(-0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (Ci.right) to [short, o-] ++(0.25,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$\dot{Z_0}$};
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port3) to [short, -o, i={$I_2$}] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A);
|
||||||
|
\draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\draw (A) -- ++(1,0) to [R={$Z_L$}] ++(0,-2) to [battery1,l={$V_2=V_0$},invert] ++(-1,0) -- (B);
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Decomposition 2}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:thevenin-proof-d2}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [battery1={$V_0$},invert] ++(0,1.5) to [R={$Z_0$}] ++(0,1.5);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,3) to [short, -o] ++(2,0) node[below]{A};
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0) node[above]{B};
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\vspace{2em}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Thevenin's Equivalent Voltage Source}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:thevenin-proof-evs}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\caption{}
|
||||||
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
+90
-4
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{オームの法則}
|
\subsection{オームの法則}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ある抵抗値を持つ抵抗器$R \ [\Omega]$に対し電圧$V \ [\text{V}]$を印加すると抵抗に電流$I \ [\text{A}]$が流れる.
|
ある抵抗値を持つ抵抗器$R \ [\Omega]$に対し端子間電圧$V \ [\text{V}]$を印加すると抵抗に電流$I \ [\text{A}]$が流れる.
|
||||||
この時,$V, R, I$には次の関係式が成り立つ.
|
この時,$V, R, I$には次の関係式が成り立つ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{equation}\label{equ:ohm}
|
\begin{equation}\label{equ:ohm}
|
||||||
V = RI
|
V = RI
|
||||||
\end{equation}
|
\end{equation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\cref{equ:ohm}で表されるこの関係をオームの法則という.
|
\cref{equ:ohm}で表されるこの関係をオームの法則という\supercite{ac-theory:ohm}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
電圧は電流に比例するのでV-I図は\cref{fig:v-i-example}のようになる.
|
電圧は電流に比例するのでV-I図は\cref{fig:v-i-example}のようになる.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -40,11 +40,97 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
この法則には2つの性質が定義されている.
|
この法則には2つの性質が定義されている.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
第一法則は電流則とも呼ばれ,回路中の接点の電流の入出流の関係が定義されている.
|
第一法則は電流則とも呼ばれ,\cref{fig:kirchhoff-i}のように回路中の接点の電流の入出流の関係が定義されている.
|
||||||
|
具体的には,\cref{equ:kirchhoff-i}に示すように流入(または流出)を正として総和した電流は常に零である,または,接点に流れ込む電流と流れ出る電流は等しい\supercite{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law-i}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
第二法則は電圧則とも呼ばれ,
|
\begin{equation}\label{equ:kirchhoff-i}
|
||||||
|
\sum_{k = 0} i_{k} = 0
|
||||||
|
\end{equation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\newpage
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
第二法則は電圧則とも呼ばれ,\cref{fig:kirchhoff-v}のように回路の1つのループ(閉路)での電圧降下の関係が定義されている.
|
||||||
|
具体的には,\cref{equ:kirchhoff-v}に示すように回路内の任意の閉路について,その閉路に向定め,各枝の電圧を閉路向きに総和したとき,その和は常に零である\supercite{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law-v}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{equation}\label{equ:kirchhoff-v}
|
||||||
|
\sum_{k = 0} v_{k} = 0
|
||||||
|
\end{equation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{figure}[tbh]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (135:3) to [short, -*, i={$i_1$}] (0,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (-135:3) to [short, i={$i_2$}] (0,0);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [short, i={$i_3$}] (45:3);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [short, i={$i_5$}] (0:3);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [short, i={$i_4$}] (-45:3);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) node[below] {A};
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\vspace{5.4em}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Current Law}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:kirchhoff-i}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (90:3) node[above] {A} coordinate(p1) to [R, i={$i_1$}] (162:3) node[left] {B} coordinate(p2);
|
||||||
|
\draw (p2) to [battery1, i={$i_2$}] (234:3) node[left] {C} coordinate(p3);
|
||||||
|
\draw (p3) to [R, i={$i_3$}] (306:3) node[right] {D} coordinate(p4);
|
||||||
|
\draw (18:3) node[right] {E} coordinate(p5) to [battery1, i={$i_4$}] (p4);
|
||||||
|
\draw (p5) to [R, i={$i_5$}] (p1);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) node {\Huge$\circlearrowleft$};
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{Voltage Law}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:kirchhoff-v}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\caption{Kirchhoff's Laws}
|
||||||
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{重ね合わせの理}
|
\subsection{重ね合わせの理}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
電気回路に電圧源,電流源,抵抗器,キャパシタ,インダクタが複数個存在する場合,その回路は線形であり,電流・電圧源が単独で存在する場合の回路網の電流・電圧分布を求め,それらを重ね(加え)合わせた値は同時に存在する場合の値と等しい.ただし,取り去られる電流源は開放除去,電圧源は短絡除去する\supercite{ac-theory:superposition}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{テブナンの定理}
|
\subsection{テブナンの定理}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
電源を含む線形回路の端子開放電圧が$\dot{V_0}$で内部インピーダンスが$\dot{Z_0}$であった場合にインピーダンス$\dot{Z}$を端子に接続したとき,流れる電流$\dot{I}$は\cref{equ:thevenin}となる.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{equation}\label{equ:thevenin}
|
||||||
|
\dot{I} = \frac{\dot{V_0}}{\dot{Z_0} + \dot{Z}}
|
||||||
|
\end{equation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\newpage
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{figure}[tbh]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) node[fourport] (X) {$X$};
|
||||||
|
\draw (X.center) node {$\dot{Z_0}$};
|
||||||
|
\draw (X.port3) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate(A);
|
||||||
|
\draw (X.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[below]{B} coordinate(B);
|
||||||
|
\ctikzset{resistors/scale=0.4}
|
||||||
|
\draw (B) to [R={$\dot{Z}$}] (A);
|
||||||
|
\draw[->] ($(B) + (0.25,0.1)$) -- ($(A) + (0.25,-0.1)$);
|
||||||
|
\node at ($($(A)!0.5!(B)$) + (0.5,0)$) {$\dot{V}$};
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{}
|
||||||
|
\label{}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [battery1={$\dot{V_t}$},invert] ++(0,2) to [R={$Z_t$}] ++(0,2);
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,4) to [short, -o] ++(2,0) node[below]{A};
|
||||||
|
\draw (0,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0) node[above]{B};
|
||||||
|
\end{circuitikz}
|
||||||
|
\subcaption{}
|
||||||
|
\label{}
|
||||||
|
\end{minipage}
|
||||||
|
\caption{Thevenin's Theorem}
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:thevenin}
|
||||||
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user