diff --git a/assets/a-2/exp1.eps b/assets/a-2/exp1.eps index a52f157..4566b59 100644 --- a/assets/a-2/exp1.eps +++ b/assets/a-2/exp1.eps @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: exp1.tex %%Creator: gnuplot 6.0 patchlevel 4 -%%CreationDate: Tue May 12 14:46:35 2026 +%%CreationDate: Tue May 19 03:45:31 2026 %%DocumentFonts: -%%BoundingBox: 50 50 503 333 +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 390 276 %%EndComments %%BeginProlog /gnudict 256 dict def @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ gnudict begin /Gamma 1.0 def /BackgroundColor {-1.000 -1.000 -1.000} def % -/vshift -80 def +/vshift -73 def /dl1 { 10.0 Dashlength userlinewidth gnulinewidth div mul mul mul Rounded { currentlinewidth 0.75 mul sub dup 0 le { pop 0.01 } if } if @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ gnudict begin /vpt vpt_ def /doclip { ClipToBoundingBox { - newpath 50 50 moveto 503 50 lineto 503 333 lineto 50 333 lineto closepath + newpath 50 50 moveto 390 50 lineto 390 276 lineto 50 276 lineto closepath clip } if } def @@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ SDict begin [ /Creator (gnuplot 6.0 patchlevel 4) % /Producer (gnuplot) % /Keywords () - /CreationDate (Tue May 12 14:46:35 2026) + /CreationDate (Tue May 19 03:45:31 2026) /DOCINFO pdfmark end } ifelse @@ -491,17 +491,17 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -888 768 M -7749 0 V +814 704 M +5591 0 V stroke 1.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -888 768 M +814 704 M 63 0 V -7686 0 R +5528 0 R -63 0 V stroke LTb @@ -513,17 +513,17 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -888 1700 M -7749 0 V +814 1426 M +5591 0 V stroke 1.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -888 1700 M +814 1426 M 63 0 V -7686 0 R +5528 0 R -63 0 V stroke LTb @@ -535,17 +535,17 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -888 2632 M -7749 0 V +814 2148 M +5591 0 V stroke 1.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -888 2632 M +814 2148 M 63 0 V -7686 0 R +5528 0 R -63 0 V stroke LTb @@ -557,17 +557,17 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -888 3563 M -7749 0 V +814 2869 M +5591 0 V stroke 1.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -888 3563 M +814 2869 M 63 0 V -7686 0 R +5528 0 R -63 0 V stroke LTb @@ -579,19 +579,19 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -888 4495 M -144 0 V -3375 0 R -4230 0 V +814 3591 M +132 0 V +3099 0 R +2360 0 V stroke 1.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -888 4495 M +814 3591 M 63 0 V -7686 0 R +5528 0 R -63 0 V stroke LTb @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -888 5427 M -7749 0 V +814 4313 M +5591 0 V stroke 1.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -888 5427 M +814 4313 M 63 0 V -7686 0 R +5528 0 R -63 0 V stroke LTb @@ -625,17 +625,17 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -888 768 M -0 4659 V +814 704 M +0 3609 V stroke 1.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -888 768 M +814 704 M 0 63 V -0 4596 R +0 3546 R 0 -63 V stroke LTb @@ -647,9 +647,9 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -3213 768 M -0 3156 V -0 1440 R +2491 704 M +0 2226 V +0 1320 R 0 63 V stroke 1.000 UL @@ -657,9 +657,9 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -3213 768 M +2491 704 M 0 63 V -0 4596 R +0 3546 R 0 -63 V stroke LTb @@ -671,17 +671,17 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -5537 768 M -0 4659 V +4169 704 M +0 3609 V stroke 1.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -5537 768 M +4169 704 M 0 63 V -0 4596 R +0 3546 R 0 -63 V stroke LTb @@ -693,17 +693,17 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.20 0.20 0.20 C -7862 768 M -0 4659 V +5846 704 M +0 3609 V stroke 1.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -7862 768 M +5846 704 M 0 63 V -0 4596 R +0 3546 R 0 -63 V stroke LTb @@ -715,11 +715,11 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -888 5427 N -888 768 L -7749 0 V -0 4659 V --7749 0 V +814 4313 N +814 704 L +5591 0 V +0 3609 V +-5591 0 V Z stroke 1.000 UP 1.000 UL @@ -733,106 +733,106 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.58 0.00 0.83 C -888 768 M -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 48 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 48 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 48 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 48 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 48 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 48 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -78 47 V -79 47 V -78 47 V +814 704 M +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 37 V +57 36 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V +57 37 V +56 36 V stroke LTw % End plot #1 @@ -842,106 +842,106 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.62 0.45 C -888 768 M -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -79 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -78 21 V -79 22 V -78 21 V -78 22 V -78 21 V -79 21 V -78 22 V +814 704 M +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 16 V +56 17 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V +57 17 V +56 16 V stroke LTw % End plot #2 @@ -951,106 +951,106 @@ LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.34 0.71 0.91 C -888 768 M -78 14 V -79 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -78 15 V -79 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 14 V -78 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 15 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -78 14 V -79 15 V -78 14 V +814 704 M +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 12 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 12 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 12 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 12 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 11 V +57 11 V +56 12 V +57 11 V +56 11 V stroke LTw % End plot #3 @@ -1068,13 +1068,13 @@ LTb 0.58 0.00 0.83 C 2.000 UL [] 0 setdash -1176 5244 M -639 0 V +1078 4140 M +591 0 V stroke [] 0 setdash -1176 5275 M +1078 4171 M 0 -62 V -639 62 R +591 62 R 0 -62 V 1.000 UP stroke @@ -1084,33 +1084,33 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 0.58 0.00 0.83 C 2.000 UL [] 0 setdash -3213 2096 M -0 140 V +2491 1733 M +0 108 V stroke [] 0 setdash -3120 2096 M +2398 1733 M 186 0 V --186 140 R +-186 108 R 186 0 V stroke [] 0 setdash -5537 3424 M -0 279 V +4169 2761 M +0 217 V stroke [] 0 setdash -5444 3424 M +4076 2761 M 186 0 V --186 279 R +-186 217 R 186 0 V stroke [] 0 setdash -7862 4749 M -0 422 V +5846 3788 M +0 327 V stroke [] 0 setdash -7769 4749 M +5753 3788 M 186 0 V --186 422 R +-186 327 R 186 0 V 1.000 UP stroke @@ -1120,44 +1120,44 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 0.58 0.00 0.83 C LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -3213 2166 CircleF +2491 1787 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.58 0.00 0.83 C -3213 2166 Pls +2491 1787 Pls LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -5537 3563 CircleF +4169 2869 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.58 0.00 0.83 C -5537 3563 Pls +4169 2869 Pls LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -7862 4961 CircleF +5846 3952 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.58 0.00 0.83 C -7862 4961 Pls +5846 3952 Pls LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -1496 5244 CircleF +1374 4140 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.58 0.00 0.83 C -1496 5244 Pls +1374 4140 Pls LTw % End plot #4 % Begin plot #5 @@ -1172,10 +1172,10 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 1.000 UL LTb 0.94 0.89 0.26 C -3215 2180 BoxF -5543 3596 BoxF -7865 5012 BoxF -1496 5004 BoxF +2493 1798 BoxF +4173 2895 BoxF +5848 3992 BoxF +1374 3920 BoxF LTw % End plot #5 % Begin plot #6 @@ -1192,13 +1192,13 @@ LTb 0.00 0.62 0.45 C 2.000 UL [] 0 setdash -1176 4764 M -639 0 V +1078 3700 M +591 0 V stroke [] 0 setdash -1176 4795 M +1078 3731 M 0 -62 V -639 62 R +591 62 R 0 -62 V 1.000 UP stroke @@ -1208,33 +1208,33 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 0.00 0.62 0.45 C 2.000 UL [] 0 setdash -3213 1371 M -0 64 V +2491 1171 M +0 50 V stroke [] 0 setdash -3120 1371 M +2398 1171 M 186 0 V --186 64 R +-186 50 R 186 0 V stroke [] 0 setdash -5537 1975 M -0 127 V +4169 1639 M +0 99 V stroke [] 0 setdash -5444 1975 M +4076 1639 M 186 0 V --186 127 R +-186 99 R 186 0 V stroke [] 0 setdash -7862 2578 M -0 191 V +5846 2106 M +0 148 V stroke [] 0 setdash -7769 2578 M +5753 2106 M 186 0 V --186 191 R +-186 148 R 186 0 V 1.000 UP stroke @@ -1244,44 +1244,44 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 0.00 0.62 0.45 C LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -3213 1403 CircleF +2491 1196 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.62 0.45 C -3213 1403 Crs +2491 1196 Crs LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -5537 2039 CircleF +4169 1688 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.62 0.45 C -5537 2039 Crs +4169 1688 Crs LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -7862 2674 CircleF +5846 2180 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.62 0.45 C -7862 2674 Crs +5846 2180 Crs LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -1496 4764 CircleF +1374 3700 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.00 0.62 0.45 C -1496 4764 Crs +1374 3700 Crs LTw % End plot #6 % Begin plot #7 @@ -1296,10 +1296,10 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 1.000 UL LTb 0.90 0.12 0.06 C -3217 1411 CircleF -5540 2054 CircleF -7864 2697 CircleF -1496 4524 CircleF +2494 1202 CircleF +4171 1700 CircleF +5848 2198 CircleF +1374 3480 CircleF LTw % End plot #7 % Begin plot #8 @@ -1316,13 +1316,13 @@ LTb 0.34 0.71 0.91 C 2.000 UL [] 0 setdash -1176 4284 M -639 0 V +1078 3260 M +591 0 V stroke [] 0 setdash -1176 4315 M +1078 3291 M 0 -62 V -639 62 R +591 62 R 0 -62 V 1.000 UP stroke @@ -1332,33 +1332,33 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 0.34 0.71 0.91 C 2.000 UL [] 0 setdash -3213 1170 M -0 43 V +2491 1016 M +0 32 V stroke [] 0 setdash -3120 1170 M +2398 1016 M 186 0 V --186 43 R +-186 32 R 186 0 V stroke [] 0 setdash -5537 1573 M -0 84 V +4169 1327 M +0 66 V stroke [] 0 setdash -5444 1573 M +4076 1327 M 186 0 V --186 84 R +-186 66 R 186 0 V stroke [] 0 setdash -7862 1975 M -0 127 V +5846 1639 M +0 99 V stroke [] 0 setdash -7769 1975 M +5753 1639 M 186 0 V --186 127 R +-186 99 R 186 0 V 1.000 UP stroke @@ -1368,44 +1368,44 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 0.34 0.71 0.91 C LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -3213 1192 CircleF +2491 1032 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.34 0.71 0.91 C -3213 1192 Star +2491 1032 Star LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -5537 1615 CircleF +4169 1360 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.34 0.71 0.91 C -5537 1615 Star +4169 1360 Star LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -7862 2039 CircleF +5846 1688 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.34 0.71 0.91 C -7862 2039 Star +5846 1688 Star LCw setrgbcolor 1.000 UP -1496 4284 CircleF +1374 3260 CircleF 1.000 UP 2.000 UL LTb LCb setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.34 0.71 0.91 C -1496 4284 Star +1374 3260 Star LTw % End plot #8 % Begin plot #9 @@ -1420,10 +1420,10 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 1.000 UL LTb 0.58 0.00 0.83 C -3215 1197 TriUF -5544 1625 TriUF -7864 2054 TriUF -1496 4044 TriUF +2493 1036 TriUF +4173 1368 TriUF +5848 1700 TriUF +1374 3040 TriUF LTw % End plot #9 2.000 UL @@ -1433,11 +1433,11 @@ LCb setrgbcolor 1.000 UL LTb 0.00 0.00 0.00 C -888 5427 N -888 768 L -7749 0 V -0 4659 V --7749 0 V +814 4313 N +814 704 L +5591 0 V +0 3609 V +-5591 0 V Z stroke LCb setrgbcolor LTb diff --git a/assets/a-2/exp1.gnuplot b/assets/a-2/exp1.gnuplot index 7db29cc..1741f1d 100644 --- a/assets/a-2/exp1.gnuplot +++ b/assets/a-2/exp1.gnuplot @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ set output "exp1.tex" set encoding utf8 -set terminal epslatex color font "Arial,12" fontscale 1.0 size 16cm,10cm +set terminal epslatex color font "Arial,11" fontscale 1.0 size 12cm,8cm set style data lines set style line 1 linetype 1 linewidth 1 linecolor rgb "magenta" set style line 2 linetype 1 linewidth 1 linecolor rgb "blue" diff --git a/assets/a-2/exp1.tex b/assets/a-2/exp1.tex index b713c76..6d5e000 100644 --- a/assets/a-2/exp1.tex +++ b/assets/a-2/exp1.tex @@ -82,48 +82,48 @@ \setlength{\fboxrule}{0.5pt}% \setlength{\fboxsep}{1pt}% \definecolor{tbcol}{rgb}{1,1,1}% -\begin{picture}(9070.00,5668.00)% +\begin{picture}(6802.00,4534.00)% \gplgaddtomacro\gplbacktext{% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(744,768){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$0$}}% + \put(682,704){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$0$}}% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(744,1700){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$2$}}% + \put(682,1426){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$2$}}% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(744,2632){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$4$}}% + \put(682,2148){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$4$}}% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(744,3563){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$6$}}% + \put(682,2869){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$6$}}% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(744,4495){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$8$}}% + \put(682,3591){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$8$}}% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(744,5427){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$10$}}% + \put(682,4313){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\strut{}$10$}}% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(888,528){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}$0$}}% + \put(814,484){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}$0$}}% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(3213,528){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}$3$}}% + \put(2491,484){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}$3$}}% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(5537,528){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}$6$}}% + \put(4169,484){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}$6$}}% \colorrgb{0.00,0.00,0.00}%% - \put(7862,528){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}$9$}}% + \put(5846,484){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}$9$}}% }% \gplgaddtomacro\gplfronttext{% \csname LTb\endcsname%% - \put(1959,5244){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (1.0k Ohm)}}% + \put(1801,4140){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (1.0k Ohm)}}% \csname LTb\endcsname%% - \put(1959,5004){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (1.0k Ohm)}}% + \put(1801,3920){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (1.0k Ohm)}}% \csname LTb\endcsname%% - \put(1959,4764){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (2.2k Ohm)}}% + \put(1801,3700){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (2.2k Ohm)}}% \csname LTb\endcsname%% - \put(1959,4524){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (2.2k Ohm)}}% + \put(1801,3480){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (2.2k Ohm)}}% \csname LTb\endcsname%% - \put(1959,4284){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (3.3k Ohm)}}% + \put(1801,3260){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Theory (3.3k Ohm)}}% \csname LTb\endcsname%% - \put(1959,4044){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (3.3k Ohm)}}% + \put(1801,3040){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\strut{}Result (3.3k Ohm)}}% \csname LTb\endcsname%% - \put(372,3097){\rotatebox{-270.00}{\makebox(0,0){\strut{}Current (mA)}}}% - \put(4762,168){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}Supply Voltage (V)}}% + \put(341,2508){\rotatebox{-270.00}{\makebox(0,0){\strut{}Current (mA)}}}% + \put(3609,154){\makebox(0,0){\strut{}Supply Voltage (V)}}% }% \gplbacktext - \put(0,0){\includegraphics[width={453.50bp},height={283.40bp}]{./assets/a-2/exp1}}% + \put(0,0){\includegraphics[width={340.10bp},height={226.70bp}]{./assets/a-2/exp1}}% \gplfronttext \end{picture}% \endgroup diff --git a/bibs/a-2.bib b/bibs/a-2.bib index 9a6d54d..5f1caac 100644 --- a/bibs/a-2.bib +++ b/bibs/a-2.bib @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -@book{ac-theory:ohm, +@inbook{ac-theory:ohm, title={基礎からの交流理論}, author={小郷 寛 and 小亀 英己 and 石亀 篤司}, publisher={電気学会 and オーム社}, @@ -6,13 +6,21 @@ month={04}, pages={1} } -@inbook{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law, +@inbook{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law-v, title={基礎からの交流理論}, author={小郷 寛 and 小亀 英己 and 石亀 篤司}, publisher={電気学会 and オーム社}, year={2023}, month={04}, - pages={11-16} + pages={11-13} +} +@inbook{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law-i, + title={基礎からの交流理論}, + author={小郷 寛 and 小亀 英己 and 石亀 篤司}, + publisher={電気学会 and オーム社}, + year={2023}, + month={04}, + pages={13-16} } @inbook{ac-theory:superposition, title={基礎からの交流理論}, @@ -30,3 +38,11 @@ month={04}, pages={145} } +@online{resistor-overload-example, + title={Resistor Overload}, + author={ouimetn}, + url={https://youtu.be/xPaN4xG0px4}, + year={2012}, + month={08}, + urldate={2026-05-18} +} diff --git a/out/report_a-2.pdf b/out/report_a-2.pdf index 09ba1be..f8523ca 100644 Binary files a/out/report_a-2.pdf and b/out/report_a-2.pdf differ diff --git a/out/report_a-2.synctex.gz b/out/report_a-2.synctex.gz index 9167cbc..0dff835 100644 Binary files a/out/report_a-2.synctex.gz and b/out/report_a-2.synctex.gz differ diff --git a/report_a-2.tex b/report_a-2.tex index 3e157e2..e45a2ea 100644 --- a/report_a-2.tex +++ b/report_a-2.tex @@ -67,15 +67,16 @@ \input{sections/a-2/reflection} \resetrefcounter + \newpage \section{まとめ} 今回の実験より以下の事が分かった: \begin{itemize} - \item{abc} - \item{abc} - \item{abc} + \item{電気回路の諸定理・諸法則は現実でも成り立つこと} + \item{線形回路は重ね合わせの理で簡単に解を求めれること} + \item{ブラックボックスな線形回路はテブナンの定理で等価電圧源に置き換えれること} \end{itemize} \printbibliography[title={参考文献}]{} diff --git a/sections/a-2/exp-result.tex b/sections/a-2/exp-result.tex index 0868de7..4258d2e 100644 --- a/sections/a-2/exp-result.tex +++ b/sections/a-2/exp-result.tex @@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ $E_1 = 15.000 \ \text{V}, \ E_2 = 3.005 \ \text{V}$の時,各抵抗での電 \hline Resistor & Voltage $[\text{V}]$ & Current $[\text{mA}]$ \\ \hline - $R_1$ & 10.69 & -3.28 \\ - $R_2$ & 1.30 & 1.31 \\ + $R_1$ & 10.69 & 3.28 \\ + $R_2$ & 1.30 & -1.31 \\ $R_3$ & 4.30 & 1.98 \\ \hline \end{tabular} @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ $E_1 = 15.000 \ \text{V}, \ E_2 = -3.007 \ \text{V}$の時,各抵抗での電 Resistor & Voltage $[\text{V}]$ & Current $[\text{mA}]$ \\ \hline $R_1$ & 14.10 & 4.33 \\ - $R_2$ & -3.89 & -3.93 \\ + $R_2$ & 3.89 & -3.93 \\ $R_3$ & 0.89 & 0.40 \\ \hline \end{tabular} diff --git a/sections/a-2/reflection.tex b/sections/a-2/reflection.tex index b857faf..cbac129 100644 --- a/sections/a-2/reflection.tex +++ b/sections/a-2/reflection.tex @@ -1 +1,315 @@ \section{考察} + +\subsection{実験1} + +\cref{fig:v-i-r}より測定値はすべて$\pm 5\ \%$の抵抗値の誤差に収まっている. +理想値の曲線は$I = \frac{V}{R}$なので測定値はオームの法則(\cref{equ:ohm})に従っているといえる. + +\subsubsection{抵抗器の制限について} + +オームの法則は実験で使用した抵抗器よりも低い抵抗値を持つものでも成り立つはずだが定格電力の制限で手順書では使用しなかった. + +試しに,実験で使用した抵抗値が$\frac{1}{10}$で定格電力が1/4 Wの抵抗を用いて同じ実験を行なった場合を考える. + +オームの法則により,3,6,9 Vでの電流と電力は\cref{tab:v-i-r-tenth}となる. + +\begin{table}[!ht] + \centering + \caption{Current and Power of Resistors with tenth of resistance} + \label{tab:v-i-r-tenth} + \begin{tabular}{c|r|r|r|r|r|r} + \hline + \multirow{2}{5em}{Voltage $[\text{V}]$} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$100 \ \Omega$} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$220 \ \Omega$} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{$330 \ \Omega$} \\ + \cline{2-7} + & Current (mA) & Power (W) & Current (mA) & Power (W) & Current (mA) & Power (W) \\ + \hline + 3 & 30 & 0.09 & 13.64 & 0.041 & 9.09 & 0.027 \\ + 6 & 60 & 0.36 & 27.27 & 0.16 & 18.18 & 0.11 \\ + 9 & 90 & 0.81 & 40.91 & 0.37 & 27.27 & 0.25 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} +\end{table} + +一部で1/4 = 0.25 W を超過してしまう条件がある. +これらの値は理想的な抵抗を使用した場合なので現実ではかろうじて超過しなかったり,僅かながら超える条件があるだろう. + +抵抗器はその性質上,電力の一部を熱に変換して発熱しながら電流を制限する. +定格電力を超えての使用は抵抗器が焼損・破裂する可能性があるので注意すること\supercite{resistor-overload-example}. + +\subsection{実験2} + +実験結果\cref{tab:exp2-res1},\cref{tab:exp2-res2}より接点(b)での電流の総和はそれぞれ\cref{tab:current-in-b}となった. + +\begin{table}[!ht] + \centering + \caption{Applying Kirchhoff's Current Law at Point (b) in each Circuit} + \label{tab:current-in-b} + \begin{tabular}{c|c} + \hline + Circuit & Current $[\text{mA}]$ \\ + \hline + (a) & 0.01 \\ + (b) & 0.80 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} +\end{table} + +また,各回路の閉路abef,bcde,acdfでの電圧の和は\cref{tab:voltage-in-loops}となった. + +\begin{table}[!ht] + \centering + \caption{Applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law on each Loop} + \label{tab:voltage-in-loops} + \begin{tabular}{c|c|c} + \hline + Loop & Circuit (a) $[\text{V}]$ & Circuit (b) $[\text{V}]$ \\ + \hline + abef & 0.01 & 0.01 \\ + bcde & -0.005 & 0.007 \\ + acdf & 0.005 & -0.017 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} +\end{table} + +これらから,実験回路はおおかたキルヒホッフの法則に従っているといえる. +しかし,回路(b)の電流則と閉路acdfでは真の値である0からかなり離れてしまった. +これには2つの実験回路での測定方法の差異や測定機器・抵抗値の誤差などが考えられる. + +\subsection{実験3} + +実験結果\cref{tab:exp3-res1}・\cref{tab:exp3-res2}と\cref{fig:cd-exp2-a}より,電流の向きに注意しながら重ね合わせると + +\begin{align} + V_{R_1} &= 12.40 \ \text{V} - 1.71 \ \text{V} = 10.69 \ \text{V} \\ + V_{R_2} &= 2.61 \ \text{V} - 1.29 \ \text{V} = 1.32 \ \text{V} \\ + V_{R_3} &= 2.59 \ \text{V} + 1.70 \ \text{V} = 4.29 \ \text{V} \\ + I_{R_1} &= 3.81 \ \text{mA} - 0.52 \ \text{mA} = 3.29 \ \text{mA} \\ + I_{R_2} &= -2.61 \ \text{mA} + 1.32 \ \text{mA} = -1.29 \ \text{mA} \\ + I_{R_3} &= 1.19 \ \text{mA} + 0.78 \ \text{mA} = 1.97 \ \text{mA} +\end{align} + +それぞれの誤差率は\cref{tab:exp3-exp2-diff}の通りである. + +\begin{table}[!ht] + \centering + \caption{Percentage Difference of Experiment \# 3 from Experiment \# 2 on Circuit (a)} + \label{tab:exp3-exp2-diff} + \begin{tabular}{c|c} + \hline + Measurement & Difference $(\%)$ \\ + \hline + $V_{R_1}$ & 0 \\ + $V_{R_2}$ & +1.54 \\ + $V_{R_3}$ & -0.23 \\ + $I_{R_1}$ & +0.30 \\ + $I_{R_2}$ & -1.53 \\ + $I_{R_3}$ & -0.51 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} +\end{table} + +この誤差は前節の測定方法の差異が影響していると思われる. + +\subsubsection{電源の除去法について} + +この重ね合わせの理を適用する際の電源の除去法は電圧源と電流源で違ってくる. +電圧源は短絡除去,電流源は開放除去である. +これは\cref{fig:v-c-s-removal}のように電圧源は直列接続,電流源は並列接続であるため,電圧・電流をなくし,抵抗値を変化させないような除去を行なっている. + +\begin{figure}[tbh] + \centering + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.9\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) to [battery1={$E$},invert] ++(0,2) to [R={$R_i$}] ++(0,2); + \draw (0,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0); + \draw (0,4) to [short, -o] ++(2,0); + + \draw (3.25,2) node {\Huge $\Rightarrow$}; + + \draw (5,0) -- (5,2) to [R={$R_i$}] ++(0,2); + \draw (5,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0); + \draw (5,4) to [short, -o] ++(2,0); + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{Voltage Source} + \label{fig:vs-removal} + \end{minipage} + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.9\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) to [isourceAM={$I$}] ++(0,2); + \draw (2,0) to [R={$R_i$}] ++(0,2); + \draw (0,0) to [short, -*] ++(2,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0); + \draw (0,2) to [short, -*] ++(2,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0); + + \draw (5,1) node {\Huge $\Rightarrow$}; + + \draw (8,0) to [R={$R_i$}] ++(0,2); + \draw (6,0) to [short, o-*] ++(2,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0); + \draw (6,2) to [short, o-*] ++(2,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0); + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{Current Source} + \label{fig:cs-removal} + \end{minipage} + \caption{Removal of Voltage and Current Source} + \label{fig:v-c-s-removal} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{実験4} + +実験結果\cref{tab:exp4-res}から誤差率\cref{tab:exp4-diff}を求める. + +\begin{table}[!ht] + \centering + \caption{Percentage Difference of Original and Equivalent Circuit of Experiment \# 4} + \label{tab:exp4-diff} + \begin{tabular}{c|c} + \hline + Measurement & Difference $[\%]$ \\ + \hline + Voltage & -0.73 \\ + Current & -0.38 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} +\end{table} + +比較的小さな誤差に収まったが,可変抵抗の抵抗値が少し触れるだけで変化してしまうため設定が難しく,誤差が出てしまった. + +\subsubsection{テブナンの定理の証明} + +\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-open-circuit}のような回路$N$を考える. +この回路には複数の電圧源・電流源があり内部インピーダンスは$Z_0$である. +そして,この回路の開放電圧は$V_0$とする. + +次に\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-load}のように負荷インピーダンス$Z_L$を接続する. +この時,回路には電流$I$が流れる. + +そして\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-ec}を考える. +この回路は負荷インピーダンスだけでなく,$V_0$と同じ電圧を持つ2つの電源を互いに打ち消し合うように接続する. +重ね合わせの理を適用して\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d1}と\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d2}のように電圧源$V_1$,$V_2$をそれぞれ独立させる. +電流$I$は$I_1$と$I_2$の和として表わせれる. + +\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d1}では点Aでの電位が等しいため電流が流れない,よって$I_1 = 0$である. + +\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d2}では回路Nの電圧源を短絡,電流源を開放して内部インピーダンス$Z_0$を得る. +この時,$I_2$はオームの法則より\cref{equ:thevenin-proof-d2-I2}で表わせれる. + +\begin{equation}\label{equ:thevenin-proof-d2-I2} + I_2 = \frac{V_2}{Z_0 + Z_L} = \frac{V_0}{Z_0 + Z_L} +\end{equation} + +結果的に$I_1$と$I_2$の和である電流$I$は$0 + \frac{V_0}{Z_0 + Z_L}$で\cref{equ:thevenin}が得られる. + +\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-d2}の回路を変形し電圧源となる部分を抜き出したのが\cref{fig:thevenin-proof-evs}である\supercite{ac-theory:thevenin}. + +\begin{figure}[tbh] + \centering + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[vsourceAMshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[isourceAMshape,scale=0.5](Ci){}; + \draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.left) -- ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.right) -- ++(0.25,0); + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$Z_0$}; + \draw (N.port3) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A); + \draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B); + \draw[->] ($(B) + (0,0.1)$) -- ($(A) + (0,-0.1)$); + + \draw ($(A)!0.5!(B)$) node[right]{$V_0$}; + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{Open Circuit} + \label{fig:thevenin-proof-open-circuit} + \end{minipage} + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[vsourceAMshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[isourceAMshape,scale=0.5](Ci){}; + \draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.left) -- ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.right) -- ++(0.25,0); + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$\dot{Z_0}$}; + \draw (N.port3) to [short, -o, i={$I$}] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A); + \draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B); + + \draw (A) -- ++(1,0) to [R={$Z_L$}] ++(0,-2) -- ++(-1,0) -- (B); + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{Connected to Load} + \label{fig:thevenin-proof-load} + \end{minipage} + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[vsourceAMshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[isourceAMshape,scale=0.5](Ci){}; + \draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.left) -- ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.right) -- ++(0.25,0); + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$\dot{Z_0}$}; + \draw (N.port3) to [short, -o, i={$I$}] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A); + \draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B); + + \draw (A) to [battery1,l={$V_1=V_0$}] ++(1,0) to [R={$Z_L$}] ++(0,-2) to [battery1,l={$V_2=V_0$},invert] ++(-1,0) -- (B); + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{Equivalent Circuit} + \label{fig:thevenin-proof-ec} + \end{minipage} + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[vsourceAMshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[isourceAMshape,scale=0.5](Ci){}; + \draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.left) -- ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.right) -- ++(0.25,0); + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$\dot{Z_0}$}; + \draw (N.port3) to [short, -o, i={$I_1$}] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A); + \draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B); + + \draw (A) to [battery1,l={$V_1=V_0$}] ++(1,0) to [R={$Z_L$}] ++(0,-2) -- ++(-1,0) -- (B); + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{Decomposition 1} + \label{fig:thevenin-proof-d1} + \end{minipage} + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) node[fourport] (N) {$N$}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,-0.5)$) node[shortshape,scale=0.5,rotate=180](Vi){}; + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0)$) node[openshape,scale=0.5](Ci){}; + \draw (Vi.right) -- ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Vi.left) -- ++(0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.left) to [short, o-] ++(-0.25,0); + \draw (Ci.right) to [short, o-] ++(0.25,0); + \draw ($(N.center) + (0,0.25)$) node[above] {$\dot{Z_0}$}; + \draw (N.port3) to [short, -o, i={$I_2$}] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate (A); + \draw (N.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[right]{B} coordinate (B); + + \draw (A) -- ++(1,0) to [R={$Z_L$}] ++(0,-2) to [battery1,l={$V_2=V_0$},invert] ++(-1,0) -- (B); + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{Decomposition 2} + \label{fig:thevenin-proof-d2} + \end{minipage} + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) to [battery1={$V_0$},invert] ++(0,1.5) to [R={$Z_0$}] ++(0,1.5); + \draw (0,3) to [short, -o] ++(2,0) node[below]{A}; + \draw (0,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0) node[above]{B}; + \end{circuitikz} + \vspace{2em} + \subcaption{Thevenin's Equivalent Voltage Source} + \label{fig:thevenin-proof-evs} + \end{minipage} + \caption{} +\end{figure} diff --git a/sections/a-2/theory.tex b/sections/a-2/theory.tex index 24bd4b2..de16372 100644 --- a/sections/a-2/theory.tex +++ b/sections/a-2/theory.tex @@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ \subsection{オームの法則} -ある抵抗値を持つ抵抗器$R \ [\Omega]$に対し電圧$V \ [\text{V}]$を印加すると抵抗に電流$I \ [\text{A}]$が流れる. +ある抵抗値を持つ抵抗器$R \ [\Omega]$に対し端子間電圧$V \ [\text{V}]$を印加すると抵抗に電流$I \ [\text{A}]$が流れる. この時,$V, R, I$には次の関係式が成り立つ. \begin{equation}\label{equ:ohm} V = RI \end{equation} -\cref{equ:ohm}で表されるこの関係をオームの法則という. +\cref{equ:ohm}で表されるこの関係をオームの法則という\supercite{ac-theory:ohm}. 電圧は電流に比例するのでV-I図は\cref{fig:v-i-example}のようになる. @@ -40,11 +40,97 @@ この法則には2つの性質が定義されている. -第一法則は電流則とも呼ばれ,回路中の接点の電流の入出流の関係が定義されている. +第一法則は電流則とも呼ばれ,\cref{fig:kirchhoff-i}のように回路中の接点の電流の入出流の関係が定義されている. +具体的には,\cref{equ:kirchhoff-i}に示すように流入(または流出)を正として総和した電流は常に零である,または,接点に流れ込む電流と流れ出る電流は等しい\supercite{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law-i}. -第二法則は電圧則とも呼ばれ, +\begin{equation}\label{equ:kirchhoff-i} + \sum_{k = 0} i_{k} = 0 +\end{equation} + +\newpage + +第二法則は電圧則とも呼ばれ,\cref{fig:kirchhoff-v}のように回路の1つのループ(閉路)での電圧降下の関係が定義されている. +具体的には,\cref{equ:kirchhoff-v}に示すように回路内の任意の閉路について,その閉路に向定め,各枝の電圧を閉路向きに総和したとき,その和は常に零である\supercite{ac-theory:kirchhoff-law-v}. + +\begin{equation}\label{equ:kirchhoff-v} + \sum_{k = 0} v_{k} = 0 +\end{equation} + + +\begin{figure}[tbh] + \centering + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (135:3) to [short, -*, i={$i_1$}] (0,0); + \draw (-135:3) to [short, i={$i_2$}] (0,0); + \draw (0,0) to [short, i={$i_3$}] (45:3); + \draw (0,0) to [short, i={$i_5$}] (0:3); + \draw (0,0) to [short, i={$i_4$}] (-45:3); + \draw (0,0) node[below] {A}; + \end{circuitikz} + \vspace{5.4em} + \subcaption{Current Law} + \label{fig:kirchhoff-i} + \end{minipage} + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (90:3) node[above] {A} coordinate(p1) to [R, i={$i_1$}] (162:3) node[left] {B} coordinate(p2); + \draw (p2) to [battery1, i={$i_2$}] (234:3) node[left] {C} coordinate(p3); + \draw (p3) to [R, i={$i_3$}] (306:3) node[right] {D} coordinate(p4); + \draw (18:3) node[right] {E} coordinate(p5) to [battery1, i={$i_4$}] (p4); + \draw (p5) to [R, i={$i_5$}] (p1); + \draw (0,0) node {\Huge$\circlearrowleft$}; + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{Voltage Law} + \label{fig:kirchhoff-v} + \end{minipage} + \caption{Kirchhoff's Laws} +\end{figure} \subsection{重ね合わせの理} +電気回路に電圧源,電流源,抵抗器,キャパシタ,インダクタが複数個存在する場合,その回路は線形であり,電流・電圧源が単独で存在する場合の回路網の電流・電圧分布を求め,それらを重ね(加え)合わせた値は同時に存在する場合の値と等しい.ただし,取り去られる電流源は開放除去,電圧源は短絡除去する\supercite{ac-theory:superposition}. + \subsection{テブナンの定理} +電源を含む線形回路の端子開放電圧が$\dot{V_0}$で内部インピーダンスが$\dot{Z_0}$であった場合にインピーダンス$\dot{Z}$を端子に接続したとき,流れる電流$\dot{I}$は\cref{equ:thevenin}となる. + +\begin{equation}\label{equ:thevenin} + \dot{I} = \frac{\dot{V_0}}{\dot{Z_0} + \dot{Z}} +\end{equation} + +\newpage + +\begin{figure}[tbh] + \centering + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) node[fourport] (X) {$X$}; + \draw (X.center) node {$\dot{Z_0}$}; + \draw (X.port3) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[above]{A} coordinate(A); + \draw (X.port2) to [short, -o] ++(1,0) node[below]{B} coordinate(B); + \ctikzset{resistors/scale=0.4} + \draw (B) to [R={$\dot{Z}$}] (A); + \draw[->] ($(B) + (0.25,0.1)$) -- ($(A) + (0.25,-0.1)$); + \node at ($($(A)!0.5!(B)$) + (0.5,0)$) {$\dot{V}$}; + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{} + \label{} + \end{minipage} + \begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{circuitikz} + \draw (0,0) to [battery1={$\dot{V_t}$},invert] ++(0,2) to [R={$Z_t$}] ++(0,2); + \draw (0,4) to [short, -o] ++(2,0) node[below]{A}; + \draw (0,0) to [short, -o] ++(2,0) node[above]{B}; + \end{circuitikz} + \subcaption{} + \label{} + \end{minipage} + \caption{Thevenin's Theorem} + \label{fig:thevenin} +\end{figure} +